Elementary Education Essay

Reading Comprehension -The student uses a variety of strategies to comprehend grade level text; Strand: Reading Process Listening and Speaking – The student effectively applies listening and speaking strategies. Informative – The student develops and demonstrates technical writing that provides information related to real-world tasks. Benchmark: LA. 2. 1. 7. 3. The student will summarize information in text, including but not limited to main idea, supporting details, and connections between texts; LA. 2. 5. 2. 4. The student will listen politely to oral presentations by classmates. LA. 2. 3. 1. 1. The student will prewrite by generating ideas from multiple sources (e. g. , text, brainstorming, webbing, drawing, writer’s notebook, group discussion, other activities); LA. 4. 4. 2. 5. The student will write simple directions to familiar locations using cardinal directions, landmarks, and distances, and create an accompanying map. Grade Level: Grade 2 Objectives: 1. Using the book The Trumpet of the Swan, the class will understand the main idea of the story by reading, listening and students discussion. 2. Basing on the journals of Louis in the Trumpet of the Swan, the class will come up with their very own journal writing. 3. Using the given information in the book The Trumpet of the Swan, the class will make a map of the main character’s travels and adventures. Activities: Before reading: 1. Ask the class if they know what a journal is and if they have ever written one. 2. Tell the class you are going to read them a story entitle The Trumpet of the Swan. During reading: 3. Read the Trumpet of the Swan. 4. Show a map of Canada and point important spots that are mentioned in the Trumpet of the Swan. 5. Show a sample journal and explain how to write and what to write. After reading: 6. Ask the class to read Sam’s poem and summarize the text and identify the main idea of the poem (Reading). 7. Ask the class to write a journal about nature (Writing). 8. Have the class make a map of Louis’ travels and adventures including all the important spots in Canada, Montana and the Northeast (Visually Representing). 9. Have the class discuss the book by having them share their favorite part and ask questions like the following: How to behave in the woods if you want to appreciate nature, what are their stand on the ethics of Louis’ father, why is there a need for Serena to hear the beautiful song of her mate, does anyone identify with Applegate Skinner? Or have someone recite a part of Sam’s poem (Talking/Speaking). 10. Ask the class to listen when a classmate recites a poem and identify the main idea of the poem (Listening). Assessment of Writing Development: The 2 ways of assessing a student’s writing development are Rubrics and Portfolio assessment. ? â€Å"Rubrics are tools teachers and students use to evaluate and classify writing, whether individual pieces or portfolios. They identify and articulate what is being evaluated in the writing, and offer â€Å"descriptors† to classify writing into certain categories (1-5, for instance, or A-F). Narrative rubrics and chart rubrics are the two most common forms† (UNL|FLWI, 2008). ? Portfolio assessment is the collection of students’ work over time reflecting their progress, efforts and achievements and teachers based it on the following items: â€Å"students’ Projects, surveys, reports and units from reading and writing Favorite poems, songs, letters, and comments, Interesting thoughts to remember, Finished samples that illustrate wide writing, Examples of writing across the curriculum, Literature extensions, Student record of books read and attempted, Audio tape of reading, Writing responses to literary components, Writing that shows growth in usage of traits, Samples in which ideas are modified from first draft to final product, Unedited first draft, Revised first draft, Evidence of effort, Self-evaluations, Writing that illustrates evidence of topic generation† (Hurst, 2009). Assessment of Grammar Skills: You can informally assess children’s grammar skills by: ? Reviewing children’s work on relevant pages in their Student Books, handwriting sentences they copied during Daily Routines, and especially their own independent Quick Writing. ? Another method is by â€Å"formal graded assessments such as quizzes, selected homework activities, and in-class tests† (Porter and vanDommelen, 2005). Assessment of Spelling Skills: The two ways of assessing the students’ spelling skills are observation and analysis of the work samples. ? Observation can be done in the classroom by observing the students as they write and as they try to use words that are beyond their ability level. It is important that observation be supplemented later with the students’ work samples and it should be done in a systematic way. ? Analysis of the work samples is an assessment of students’ â€Å"spelling ability from examination of samples of their unaided writing† (Westwood, 2008). These â€Å"samples can be taken from students’ exercise books, test papers, and language arts portfolios† (Fiderer as cited in Westwood, 2008). THE SPELLING PATTERNS: 1. Blends: are 2 or 3 letters combined to form a distinct spelling sound. Examples are : -br- in brown and break and -fr- in fry and freeze 2. Digraph: A group of two successive letters whose phonetic value is a single sound. For example, EA in BREAD, CH in CHAT, or NG in SING. 3. Diphthong: the union of two vowels, pronounced by a single impulse of the voice; as, ea in beat, ou in sound. 4. R-controlled vowels: When a vowel is followed by an r, it makes a special sound. These are called r-controlled vowels, or r-colored vowels. Examples are /ar/ sound as in car, /er/ sound as in butter. 5. Long vowel: a sound which is the same as, or very similar to the letter name of one of the vowels. Examples are /a/ as in gate, /e/ as in need. 6. Short vowel: Are vowels of shorter duration. Examples are short /a/ as in bat, short /e/ as in bet. 7. Contraction: is a word made up from a verb and another word where an apostrophe takes the place of any letters that are left out. It can be positive contraction or negative contraction. Examples are: aren’t – are not and here’s – here is. CUING SYSTEM: 1. Semantics — the study of the development and changes of the meanings of speech forms. Semantics is also a study of the process by which meaning is derived from symbols, signs, text, and other meaning-bearing forms. 2. Syntax — the conventions and rules for assembling words into meaningful sentences; syntax varies across languages. 3. Graphophonic — Refers to the sound relationship between the orthography (symbols) and phonology (sounds) of a language. 4. Phonological awareness — The understanding that speech is composed of sub-parts — sentences are comprised of words, words are comprised of syllables, syllables are comprised of onsets and rimes, and can be further broken down to phonemes. Cuing Strategies â€Å"Used by effective readers to figure out unfamiliar words and to make meaning, cuing strategies include knowledge of syntax, semantics, words and word meaning, and graphophonics (letter/sound associations). Teachers can guide students to use cuing strategies by reminding them to ask themselves, did it sound right? Did it make sense? Did the word look right? † (Teacher Resources, 2002). References † Advice for Teachers: Assessing Student Writing. † UNL | FLWI. 2008. 03 Apr. 2009 . Porter, Patricia, and Deborah VanDommelen. â€Å"Integrating Assessment with Grammar-for-Writing Instruction. † CATESOL: California Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages. 2005. 03 Apr. 2009 . Hurst, Carol Otis. â€Å"Portfolio Assessment in the Reading-Writing Classroom. † Carol Hurst’s Children’s Literature Site – Reviews and teaching ideas for kids’ books. 03 Apr. 2009 . Westwood, Peter. What Teachers Need to Know about Spelling. Aust Council for Ed Research, 2008. â€Å"Teaching Reading: Lens on Literacy. † Teacher Professional Development and Teacher Resources by Annenberg Media. 2002. .

Novel: Family and Stella

Practice 1 – one story you like the best & what lessons you have learned from the story The novel Step by Wicked Step by Anne Fine which I have studied, all the stories are special in their own way but the one that strikes a chord with me is Claudia’s Stories: The Green Pyjamas. The story is about Claudia’s slow but sure acceptance of her stepmother, Stella. In the beginning, she is depicted as young girl who struggles to accept the changes in her life. Her parents have decided to separate ways as their marriage fails with the emergence of Stella, the new woman in her father’s life.Claudia finds it difficult to accept Stella at first but despite Stella’s effort to be friendly to her. However, one eventful incident changes their relationship. The dinner party to celebrate her father’s birthday breaks the ice between Stella and Claudia. Claudia goes out of her way to make the guests realize how rude they have been to Stella. There are many lessons I have learned from this story. First, Claudia is a mature and sensible girl. At the dinner party, she shows that she can put aside her ego and pride by making the guests treat Stella politely.She purposely shows off the green pyjamas given by Stella. The guests act like Stella is invisible and Claudia is angry because Stella is actually a very nice person. This shows her good nature despite her young age. Second, the message in the story is acceptance and tolerance. Learning to cope with her stepmother for Claudia is challenging. It takes a lot of patience and understanding from both sides. This event certainly triggers the beginning of a better relationship between Claudia and Stella.Clearly sometimes in life, we do not have a choice but to accept the circumstances. Practice 2 – one character that you admire/like/ taught you important lessons/attract your attention Important lessons: we should be responsible towards our family and friends. I choose the novel Step by Wicked Step written by Anne Fine. The character that I admire the most/attract my attention is Claudia. There are many reasons why I admire her very much. Firstly, Claudia is a very kind girl. During her father’s birthday party, Claudia wears her green pyjamas given by her stepmother, Stella.She put aside her ego and pride because she feels that the guests in the party are rude when they refuse to talk with Stella and does not compliment Stella on her cooking. They act like Stella is invisible and Claudia feels angry because Stella is actually a very nice person. Apart from that, Claudia is a very responsible daughter to her mother. She knows the fact that her mother hates the fact that her father is happy with a new women in his life so she pretends that she is unhappy when she has to go to her father’s house. Claudia also refuses to accept Stella’s kindness because she is a loyal daughter to her mother.In addition, I really admire Claudia because she is a fai r and sensible person. She does not blame Stella for her parents' break-up. At the dinner party, she thinks that the guests are rude for not appreciating Stella's hard work. She realizes that ignoring Stella would not help solving matters between her parents. Feeling sorry for Stella who is being ignored by the guests, she decides to help her get accepted by showing off the green pyjamas which Stella gave her. In a nutshell, the character that I like the most is Claudia because she is very kind, loyal, fair and sensible person. I think I can learn a lot from her character.Practice 3 – one theme you like. Give evidences. I choose the novel Step by Wicked Step by Anne Fine. One of the themes in the novel is family love. This is seen in some characters in the story. After Richard leaves home, his mother and sister never stop looking for him. They wait desperately for his return. His mother uses up the family funds to find him. In doing so, she suffers her husband’s wrath. Not surprisingly, she soon dies of heartbreak. Charlotte is a caring and loving sister to Richard. Unlike him, she makes an effort to get along with her stepfather as she wants a happy and peaceful home life.She tries to mediate between her brother and stepfather. After her mother’s death, charlotte marries at sixteen to a man she does not love in order to enable her to continue looking for her brother, Richard. As a last attempt, she leaves a sad letter in the tower room for him, telling Kim what has happened in his absence. Colin loves his stepfather, Jack, like his own as his real father has left his mother and him when he is just a baby. He and Jack do all the things a father and son would do. Jack too loves him as his own son. After his mother leaves Jack, Colin misses him very much.He spends his hours daydreaming of the times they have spent together. He goes to the skating rink not to skate but to listen to their favourite song, The Bluebird of Happiness. He never giv es up hope of finding Jack and is saving money to do so once he is old enough. Practice 4 – memorable event I choose novel Step by Wicked Step written by Anne Fine, an interesting event is the death of Richard’s father. This event/ incident is memorable because it changed Richard’s life and in the end, his whole family. The first change that Richard had to face is his mother’s marriage to Reverend Coldstone.Richard hated his stepfather because he enforced strict rules and made Richard feel that his house was like a prison. He also sent Richard away to Mordanger School for four years. Another change is betrayal. Richard felt that his mother had betrayed when she allowed Reverend Coldstone to treat him badly. He also felt betrayed when Charlotte persuaded him not to hate his stepfather. Finally, Richard decided to run away and vanish. His departure caused financial ruin and heartbreak to his mother and sister. His mother spent a lot of money to search for h im.Charlotte married a man she did not love to continue the search after their mother died. The death of Richard’s father brought about a lot of changes in Richard’s family. Most of them are sorrowful. From this incident, we must remember that we should be courageous in difficult times. Practice 5 – moral values I choose novel Step by Wicked Step written by Anne Fine. An important moral value that I have learnt from the novel is love and devotion. The first character who showed love and devotion is Richard’s mother. She spent a lot of money seeking for Richard although she had to suffer Reverend Coldstone’s anger and disapproval.Another character who demonstrated love and devotion is Charlotte. She continued her mother’s search for her brother, Richard. She did not have any money, she married a rich man she did not love at sixteen in order to continue the searching of Richard. Apart from that, Colin also showed love and devotion. He kept his dad’s tobacco tin and hummed their favourite song. He does three paper rounds to earn money to search for his dad when he is old enough. These characters have greatly showed their love and devotion. They proved that people will do anything for the ones they love.

The Sustainable Urban Development Of Glasgow Environmental Sciences Essay

The Bruntland Commission of the United Nations on March 20 1987 defined Sustainable Development as Development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands. Sustainable Development embraces economic prosperity, societal equity and environmental unity. TheA conceptA ofA sustainableA urbanA developmentA representsA aA majorA challengeA forA authoritiess throughoutA theA contemporaryA world.A DespiteA theA rhetoricA ofA sustainableA developmentA overA the pastA twoA decennaries, A theA gapA betweenA publicA declarationsA ofA principleA andA implementationA of concreteA measuresA remainsA significantA inA mostA cities.A TheA majorityA ofA theA worldA populationA livesA inA urbanA countries, A andA itA isA estimatedA that, A if currentA trendsA continue, A 65 % A ofA theA populationA willA beA urbanA dwellersA byA theA yearA 2025. UrbanisationA andA urbanA growthA onA thisA unprecedentedA scaleA poseA fundamentalA questionsA as toA whetherA thisA magnitudeA ofA urbanA developmentA canA beA sustained.A Consequently, A theA chase ofA sustainableA urbanA developmentA hasA emergedA asA aA majorA challengeA forA authoritiess throughoutA theA contemporaryA universe. TheA idealA worldA envisagedA atA theA RioA EarthA SummitA inA 1992A wasA oneA inA whichA theA aims ofA sustainableA developmentA wouldA beA fulfilledA atA allA levelsA ofA spatialA organisation. AgendaA 21A ofA theA SummitA focusedA particularA attentionA onA theA challengeA ofA sustainable developmentA atA theA urbanA scale.A InA 1994A theA GlobalA ForumA onA CitiesA andA Sustainable DevelopmentA consideredA 50A cities'A reportsA onA progress A beingA madeA towardsA sustainable developmentA ( MitlinA andA Satterthwaite, A 1994 ) , A andA inA 1996A theA UNA CityA SummitA ( HabitatA II ) monitoredA theA progressA ofA citiesA acrossA theA globeA onA achievingA sustainabilityA ( UNA CentreA for HumanA Settlements, A 1996 ) . ThisA study examinesA the conceptA ofA sustainableA urbanA development of Glasgow, the issues and the manner frontward in developing a more sustainable Glasgow City and eventually, a figure of decisions are presented on the chances for sustainable urban development in Glasgow.Brief HISTORY OF GLASGOWGlasgow is located in the South of Scotland, the largest metropolis in Scotland with a population of 598,830. There have been many alterations in industry and metropolis planning throughout its history. Glasgow was founded in the nineteenth century. It was a good colony site because it was located near the River Clyde which was indispensable for trade and fishing. Nearby coalfields made the metropolis successful. One fifth of all the ships in the universe were built in Glasgow and it was said that Glasgow â€Å" provided the universe with ships † . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scottish-places.info/maps/m219.jpg ( Image demoing map of Glasgow )THE SUSTAINABILITY OF GLASGOWThe aspiration of making sustainable communities has been an of import portion of the Glasgow Government ‘s docket over the past decennaries. There are many geological factors that led to Glasgow ‘s importance. One factor was that Glasgow was to a great extent resourced with Fe and coal and these are the two chief ingredients when bring forthing steel. This steel is so used for many things such as railroads ( e.g. The Clyde Tunnel, 1963 ) , span edifice ( e.g. Kingston Bridge, 1970 ) and most significantly shipbuilding. Another factor that led to the importance of Glasgow is that it is situated on the River Clyde ; a really deep and broad river. These two combined together, led to a big ship edifice industry bring forthing in Glasgow and many concerns get downing up in this sort of work. However Glasgow shortly began to meet assorted jobs. The job in Glasgow at this clip was the life conditions. The worst portion of lodging in Glasgow was the Gorbals. They were moistnesss, smelly, infested, and mostly overcrowded and these hapless conditions led on to assorted other jobs such as: drugs, intoxicant, harlotry, hooliganism, racism, vagrancy, and hooliganism. There was besides a batch of unwellness and disease in these slums during this clip, chiefly due to the overcrowding, because things spread so rapidly from individual to individual. Another type of lodging in Glasgow was a tenement ; these were the fly-by-night side of Glasgow ‘s prosperity and were chiefly accommodated by people that moved into town from the state to work in the ship building industry. These were sometimes in such a hapless province they fall down while people were populating inside them ensuing in a high figure of tragic deceases. The metropolis was said to be in a province of interior metro polis decay. Glasgow City Council ‘s committedness to sustainable development was i ¬?rst highlighted in the model papers ‘Developing the Sustainable City ‘ and was Glasgow ‘s initial part to the international Local Agenda 21 Programme. The importance of sustainability was emphasized by the Local Government in Scotland Act 2003 which sets out a responsibility on local governments to â€Å" dispatch its responsibilities under this subdivision in a manner which contributes to the accomplishment of sustainable development † . The Scottish Executive later launched ‘Choosing our Future ‘ in December 2005 as portion of the authorities ‘s committedness to the UK shared model for sustainable development. This scheme provides the model for a figure of the Executive ‘s new and emerging schemes on clime alteration, conveyance, renewable energy, energy efi ¬?ciency, green occupations and biodiversity.WasteGlasgow disposes its waste chiefly at the Cathkin landfill site in South Lanarkshire. In order to promote waste recycling, the metropolis council has distributed about the undermentioned bin Numberss to families as at November 2009. Blue bins ( individual belongingss ) – 110, 740 Blue bins ( flats/tenements ) – 140, 000 Brown bins for organic garden waste – 102, 800 400+ public aggregation points 25,000 violet bins distributed to individual families for a kerbside glass aggregation service ( Feb 2010 )CITY PlanThe metropolis program presents a metropolis broad vision for the physical development of Glasgow. This contains the proposals and policies that will act upon the planning determinations taken of the metropolis. The metropolis ‘s development scheme plays a cardinal function in stabilising Glasgow ‘s population and in developing sustainable metropolis vicinities, where the scope of services, installations and chances required by occupants on a regular footing can be assessed by bike, pes or public conveyance. As Glasgow ‘s old lodging stock is being replaced and bad development changes the face of our vicinities, it is of import that wider environmental and societal considerations are to the full appreciated. Good lodging entirely is non sufficient to do the metropolis an attractive topographic point to populate in. The metropolis program 2 has strategic purposes which are people, occupations, biodiversity, waste direction, instruction, energy, substructure, heritage and the built environment, retail, etc. Glasgow suffers one of the worst congestion jobs in Scotland, for decennaries traffic coming in and out of the metropolis has been a major issue for metropolis and conveyance contrivers. A A The Glasgow rhythm path web presently includes over 200km of paths and is invariably being worked on to better and widen the available paths, doing Glasgow an ideal metropolis to turn over out the ‘city rhythm ‘ undertaking. Currently rhythm trips into and out the metropolis Centre is in surplus of 5,000 per twenty-four hours and has seen an addition in cycling within the metropolis of 50 % in the last 3 years.A Cycling is alone in its ability to supply a physical activity with wellness benefits to environmental benefits and this undertakings aims to reflect these demands, challenges and chances that the potency of cycling presents.A The SGP purposes to potentially get down a similar undertaking to London and Dublin ‘s enormously successful motorcycle hire strategy. The construct called ‘City Cycle ‘ is one of the first undertakings of its type in Scotland. The undertaking aims to supply assorted bike rental docks across the metropolis at strategic locations.ISSUES AND THE WAY FORWARDAlthough many sustainability issues are planetary, we relate straight to what is go oning where we live. There are several challenges which threaten advancement towards sustainable development ends. Sustainability issues have become really common in many Fieldss of economic and socio-political life that it is frequently forgotten that it needs new attacks and alterations in regulations steering human abilities, administration constructions and ways of thought. Some of the issues and a suggestion of how to get the better of them are: Biodiversity – Polluting the air with dust, particulate affair, gases from industrial procedures and motor exhaust fumes damage human wellness, the natural environment and quality of life. So we should larn to be more witting about the environment in other non to destruct life ‘s resources. Community Development – Organizations should work together with authoritiess and the communities in which they operate, along with other organisations to better the educational, cultural, economic, societal and environmental wellbeing of the community. Conformity – Full moon demands of statute law should be met, criterions or any other signifier of understanding regulating sustainability issues such as the usage of land, air and other resources, employment jurisprudence, administration and finance. Diversity and Opportunity – The authorities should guarantee equal chances for all in an organisation without unjust limitations or barriers. This is so that it minimizes workplace torment, improves understanding between people, and helps an organisation ‘fit ‘ into its milieus, fiting its work force and provider mix to that of the venue. Regeneration and reconstructing communities – Social marginalisation and poorness of people in disadvantaged countries should be addressed to construct communities as to make occupations, tackle offense, better wellness, provide a better and more low-cost lodging, educate people better, and better local milieus. Sustainable Construction – Sustainable building is the application of sustainable development to the building industry. This should affect regeneration and besides be aftering communities should be after to cut down auto usage, utilizing energy more expeditiously, minimising mineral extraction and protection of the countryside.DecisionImplementing sustainable development requires acknowledging the connexion among a host of actions, results and responses. Guaranting that people to the full appreciate the impact they have on the environment in their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours lives will be the key to a sustainable hereafter.

Cloning and Aggression among Sea Anemones Essay

Cloning and Aggression among Sea Anemones - Essay Example These clones rapidly spread out and form large aggregations of individuals exhibiting polymorphism. Individuals present in the center of clones are larger with gonads, and reproduce sexually. Individuals at the edge of the colony are smaller, with larger fighting tentacles (acrorhagi), being defensive in nature reproduce asexually. This division of labor allows individuals in the center to expend more energy on sexual reproduction and individuals on the edges of aggregations to expend their energy on developing large acrorhagi to fight the individuals of adjacent clones. Aggression is provoked when individuals on the circumference come into contact with genetically different clones. Acrorhagi, which are large projections loaded with nematysts located at the base of the tentacles, are used to sting, injure, and even kill members of the other clone. This inter-clonal fighting results in clear boundaries between adjacent aggregations. This aggressive behavior is fused on non-clone mates , as members of each clone can distinguish their own clone mates and do not attack them. Intraspecific competition of the inference sort has also been observed in experiments where two adjacent clones competed over the resource of space. The significance level for shore position, clonal/aclonal growth, and aggressiveness... Rare species were excluded for consistency and simply sharpen the focus of the present study. Study sites The samples were collected from two long north-south gradients extending from subarctic to subtropical latitudes.(Further details see L.Francis,1988,p.243) Assignment to categories The samples are categorized based on habitat, individual body size, clonal, aggressive nature. Statistical method The significance level for shore position, clonal/aclonal growth, and aggressiveness acting simultaneously is determined by using a multi-way G-test. In addition, Fisher's exact test with critical alpha levels corrected to compensate for multiple use of data is also used since some of the theoretically possible sets are though empty, is permissible, if conservative, to use [comparison wise error rate = 1 - ( 1 - )1/c, where c is the number of comparisons and is the desired level of confidence; Sidak, 1967, cited in SAS guide, 1985]. (For three sets of comparisons, a comparison wise error rate of 0.0165 is equivalent to an experimental error rate of 0.05.) Development of a model A geometric model is developed to predict the relative energy efficiency of interference as a function of increasing size: (1) for growth through isometric increase in size (simulated growth of an aclonal adult), and (2) for growth without increasing in height (simulated growth and spread of a compact, encrusting clone). Results Correlations From the observations, it was evident that overall distribution of species was uneven with respect to shore position, clonal/aclonal growth and aggressiveness. Tested separately, two of the three pair wise interactions were significant (for cloning vs. aggression and

Discuss the relationships between ethnic nationalism and the body Essay - 1

Discuss the relationships between ethnic nationalism and the body - Essay Example Ethnic nationality and the individual’s identity are closely interrelated. Roginsky (34) points out that nations are comprised of sexed objects, a statement which means that sexuality has an important role to play in the social construction of national as well as gender identities. The author argues that the interrelationship between gender, nationalism and sexuality is amoral code which is beneficial one gender, nation, and sexuality over others. In ethnic nationalities, the leaders are normally men, while women normally are given roles to stay in the background and let men run things. According to Roginsky, individuals normally contest or construct â€Å"their ascribed ethnicity within specific social contexts of power and domination based on class and gender inequalities† (44). When looked at from a gender point of view, this statement means that individuals, both men and women, all have a role to play in the creation of states and their ethnic identities. These roles are shaped by the individuals being citizens or members of a nation, or by being members of a certain ethnic group. Nationalism has been known to function with masculine imperatives (Eisenstein 66). Women have so far had very little chance to play national roles, which have all been left to men. When it comes to ethnic nationalism, it is evident in many communities that men call the shots. Men chart their own paths, but they also play a big role in deciding the roles that should be played by women. Ethnic nationalism has in many cases led to conflict and sometimes violence that has seen many people loose lives. The main cause of these conflicts is the lack of inclusion of certain groups of people in the region in the general leadership structures. Ethnicity has the negative effect of dividing people and thus making it hard for them to collaborate to achieve a common objective (Sofos 42). Ethnic nationalism has been one

Be aware of motorcycle riders Speech or Presentation

Be aware of motorcycle riders - Speech or Presentation Example According to the U.S. Department of Transportation’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), a person is 37 times more likely to die in a motorcycle accident than a car accident and nine times more likely to become injured while riding a motorcycle than while driving a car (Keller & Keller, par.6). These data are quite alarming and disturbing. I think that it should be the concern of every American, motorcycle rider or not, to be more cognizant of motorcycles on the road. Motorists should be reminded that motorcycles are a legal and legitimate form of transportation and that motorcyclists have as much of a right to be on the road as other motor vehicles. Motorcyclists are more vulnerable to injury in case of a crash. This is one reason why motorists must be especially aware of the dangers that motorcyclists face on the road. Motorists must always be reminded that they must "share the road" with motorcycles and that they should be aware of the presence of motorc ycles at all times, since they might be more difficult to see than other cars. Over two-thirds of car-motorcycle crashes are caused by drivers, not by motorcyclists (Saveabiker.com, par.1).

A Comparison of Francis Bacon and Carolus Linnaeus' View of Nature and Essay

A Comparison of Francis Bacon and Carolus Linnaeus' View of Nature and Humanity's Relationship to It - Essay Example This frequency is enough to reflect and substantiate the view of nature as instruments. Instrumentation purposes vary from burial to horticulture, medicinal or treatment purposes, harnessing of raw materials, et cetera. The same view was described by Linnaeus; â€Å"when we follow the series of created things, and consider how providentially one is made for the sake of another, the matter comes to this, that all things are made for the sake of man† (3). While Bacon recognized nature as an instrument to human needs, Linnaeus furthered this by pointing out how every aspect of nature was designed to be made useful for humans. Nature as Local. Interestingly, Bacon implicated that nature’s instrumentation was largely determined by location. While burial was done in the Lower Region, observatories were situated in the Upper Region. Thus, nature presents a limit by which instrumentation is permissible or not advisable, and this fact was respected by the people of Salomonâ€⠄¢s House. The same fact was implicated by Carolus Linnaeus in his The Economy of Nature. His recognition of the co-location of habitat and particular species of flora and fauna was expressed through his acknowledgement of the dissimilar patterns of seasons, as well as the variance in soil composition (Linnaeus 2). Moreover, Linnaeus explicitly expressed this: â€Å"How wise, how beautiful is the agreement between the plants of every country, and its inhabitants, and other circumstances!† (2). Nature as the Framework of Imitation. Bacon’s view suggested that the workings of nature served as the mold by which humans replicate certain processes for the desired output. This imitation was explicitly detailed: â€Å"We use them likewise for the imitation of natural mines...,† or â€Å"We have heats in imitation of the sun’s and heavenly bodies’ heats, that pass divers[e] inequalities...† (Bacon 3-5). Thus, it is safe to assume that early processe s that were said to be ‘invented’ by early humans were probably forms of mimicry out of the observable natural processes. Nature as Something to be Improved. The recognition of nature’s imperfection was prevalent; yet, this imperfection was viewed by Bacon only in the context of the human’s desired output. This was pronounced in the field of horticulture wherein the practice of grafting, inoculating, and growing de-seeded plants was common (Bacon 4). Moreover, the pursuit of understanding the effects of flora and fauna on humans, whether good or bad, was inherent in designed structures or enclosures (Bacon 4). The same view was perceived by Linneaus; he went on to explain that by virtue of human reasoning, humans are able to propagate aspects of nature (i.e., vegetables), and asserted that if nature was â€Å"left to herself, could scarcely effect† (3). Thus, Linnaeus, just like Bacon, saw human intervention as the necessary means to enable nature t o become fully or wholly purposeful. Nature as an Unending Cycle of Life and Death. Linnaeus depicted this cycle through the vegetable-to-mold and mold-to-vegetable analogy. His main point was that vegetation is comprised of the same composite -- the black mold; thus, he asserted, â€Å"So that the tallest tree is, properly speaking, nothing but mold wonderfully compounded with air and water...† (Linnaeus 3). Consequently, this view implicates how inevitable and normal death is. Moreover, death is viewed a necessity for a fresh beginning in the cycle of natural creation. Nature as Designed to be Biodiverse. The implications of nature’s biodiversity were successfully presented by Linnaeus. He proffered biodiversity as the solution in controlling the population of species, the

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 19

Personal Statement Example in Taxation. Another factor that builds on my capacity for an opportunity to pursue this program is the experience I have gathered working as a consultant for Tailite Chemical & Plastic Limited Company. I have gained knowledge pertaining to legal issues of investing in the Midwest states and in the United States and have encountered issues of taxation. This would help me identify with some of the content that I will be taught in my LL.M. in Taxation classes. This would be an added advantage for me because I will be familiar with elements of taxation (Mooih et al 2003, 513). Research assignments that I will be required to tackle while pursuing the program will benefit from the experience I got while on an internship in Direct2supplier Corporation. While on this internship, I learned how to conduct research and interact, meaningfully, with research results. My service with Akzo Nobel (Asia) Co., Ltd also equipped me with a chance to conduct research inclined to legal issues. Roles and duties that I have assumed in different companies that I have worked for in the past have also taught me the prudence that I will use when going about my studies (Mooih et al 2003, 514). This program is the right one for me because it will enhance my practice as a consultant for Chinese companies that want to start businesses in the United States. Currently, I am working with a company that provides companies with the information they need to launch into overseas markets and the trend is that the companies interested in expanding their businesses abroad are increasing by the day. This has motivated me into studying LL.M. Taxation program from the United States. This way, a faculty that has experience in the country’s taxation practices (Mooih et al 2003, 515) will teach me. While working, I have interacted with people from diverse cultural backgrounds and I will ease adapting to the diverse cultural

1.What are the key issues in the external and competitive environment Essay

1.What are the key issues in the external and competitive environment affecting your organisation Discuss the opportunities and threats for your organisation - Essay Example he organization by applying relevant, correct strategic management theory to determine the key issues in the external and competitive environment affecting Morrison Supermarket1 as an organization. By so doing, the paper aims also to discuss the industry opportunities and threats. Strategic management aims for attainment of corporate objectives. Strategic management theory could use the models called Porter’s five forces and SWOT to determine the external and competitive environment affecting Morrison Supermarket. Before proceeding further, therefore, we have to understand the meaning of the models. SWOT stands for strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. As to how the models relate to each other, Porter’s five forces will dissect the facts classifying the effects of the industry forces to the profitability2 of the industry. For example, the ease or difficulty of entry, which is part of the model, assumes that the presence of entry barriers is an opportunity since less competition will allow present players to have wider area for influencing prices. SWOT includes the company’s strengths and weaknesses as opportunities and threats but we are only interested on the latter. The opportunities and threats that will be derived will be used to attain corporate objectives. As to how to attain objectives, industry opportunities must be taken advantage while industry threats must be avoided or overcome. The taking of advantage will be in the nature of the strategies that need to be formulated and implemented to attain the desired objectives of Morrison Supermarket. Strategies must be prepared in relation to industry opportunity and threats as well as company’s strengths and weaknesses. However, since strengths and weaknesses are not made part of this analysis, it must made clear that any strategy that may be may not fully consider the complete model. New entrants will find few big players, which make them concentrated, making it difficult for

Marketing Spotlight HSBC Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Spotlight HSBC Case Study - Essay Example The essay "Marketing Spotlight – HSBC Case Study" presents a marketing spotlight on HSBC in the form of answers to the questions asked in the exercise and also some discussion points pertaining to HSBC global branding & marketing strategy. The primary success factor of HSBC has been their emphasis on localization of the HSBC brand.Their strategy of localization has helped them to build local competitive advantages in the regions of their operations such that they could compete effectively with the local players of the region. A deeper insight into this strategy reveals that the efforts are directed towards becoming the consumer’s expert on cultural knowledge of the nation thus getting deep visibility into financial opportunities in the country hidden in the personality & motivation of the end consumers that are normally invisible to other outsiders. The localization model of HSBC is supported strongly by their global technology system called Hexagon Infrastructure havin g foundations laid way back in 1983 and subsequently key enhancements implemented in 1987, 1989, and 1994. HSBC owns one of the most sophisticated & efficient banking transactions & customer service management systems of the world. Internet Banking is a powerful mean of enhancing competitive advantages that should be informative, communicative & transactional as per the local customer needs. HSBC is one of the few foreign banks that are able to compete effectively with the local banks in Malaysia & Thailand.

The Issues on Rising Gas Prices Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Issues on Rising Gas Prices - Research Paper Example As gas price increases continue to burden the people of the country, various groups and individuals have come up with their own analyses regarding its causes. The polarization of American society in terms of politics though has greatly tainted such analyses. Apparently, the purpose is to make the gas price increase issue another weapon for advancing political causes. The lack of in-depth analysis and the tendency to immediately react to the issue without taking the necessary research has led to a very superficial understanding of the origins of gas price increases. There is the belief that â€Å"the major causes of high gas prices include the increased demand for oil in places like China and India, high gasoline taxes, civil unrest in Venezuela, the war in the Middle East, political instability in Nigeria, and too few refineries in the US†. A quick glance at this list of supposed causes would lead one to believe that gas price increases are largely triggered by external condit ions. Dart also the points out that environmental regulations and opposition to oil exploration in certain parts of Alaska and the Gulf of Mexico are additional reasons why gas prices are increasing. Higher demand in the midst of low supply may indeed pull up the prices. It is also easy to recognize the fact that if Dart’s perspective of the major causes of gas price increase is to be believed, a host of other problems may also arise. It is clear that wrong analysis of problems can lead to wrong solutions, which may be more disastrous than the issue that these may be meant to resolve.

Technology In The Workplace Essay Example for Free

Technology In The Workplace Essay In my workplace, an acute care hospital with 968 beds and a workforce of approximately 5,000 employees, technology is a huge part of the operations.   As a matter of fact, technology has become necessary and fundamental not only in the usual day-to-day activities of the hospital like keeping patients’ medical records, doctors’ schedules, employees’ salaries and the like, but also as an added accommodation for patients who have special needs or requests. The operating systems used are Microsoft Windows (Windows 2000 and Windows XP Professional) and the Macintosh Operating System to avoid a sense of monopoly and hence providing a choice for the users, depending on which system they are more familiar with or which one better serves their needs.    For example, Apple Macintosh is preferred over IBM computers by some physicians for research purposes and further education in the medical field. The functionality of computers is extended from just being a set of relational databases because it can be maximized further to the benefit of both the hospital and the patients.   Since all areas of the hospital are equipped with computers that have ready access to the Internet, the inter-connectivity is taken advantage of in many ways. Networks are established within the workplace to have an easier access to information in and out of the company.   Cisco router is used for broad infrastructure and the Nortel network for remote access.   For patient documentation from multi-disciplinary venues, the UNIX server and the Sunrise Clinical Manager are used.   All patients and vendors have can have unlimited access to the Guest Wireless network through a code that can be obtained after signing up with the IT Department. Although previously used mostly in business establishments and big hotels, audio/video conferencing is also presently being provided by our hospital.   In one instance, the daughter of one of our female patients was getting married in another state.   Unfortunately, her mother was hospitalized and was therefore unable to attend the ceremony.   Knowing that this was one occasion the mother would not want to miss, the system was set up in her room where she could view the wedding and hear what was going on.   At the same time, the bride and groom could see and hear her.   The patient even dressed up for the occasion while the hospital staff provided flowers and the hospital’s communication department took charge of the hook-up. Furthermore, the hospital has a secured website that allows virtual private remote access.   The hospital employees can easily access a site to view their pays tubs.   For the public, a site provides information on the hospital’s roster of doctors and their specializations, the types of health services available including outpatient services, and general information about the hospital. In addition to all these, the hospital has two (2) patient channels from which they could view chapel services or listen to soft music while viewing scenes that allows meditation, prayer or just plain mental relaxation.   These are exclusively for in-patients’ use and are not available to the public outside the hospital. The hospital is also a teaching facility for would-be doctors and nurses but at present, it does not fully provide distance education.   It has links to the Medical Library for the use of its students and the hospital personnel, but it does not have computer-based academic programs that provide full education. Essentially, with the advent of technology, the hospital has become more than just a place where sick people go for treatment.   It has also become a sanctuary for the sick where they could listen to soothing music or take part in religious services without having to leave their hospital bed.

Media Convergence: Advantages and Disadvantages

Media Convergence: Advantages and Disadvantages Introduction The electronic highway of information that is girdling the world has brought an end to the Gutenberg era. Transition from a â€Å"stones throw away† world to a â€Å"click away† world has changed the way we live, interact, socialize and work. It has also changed the way we perceive culture, people, processes, objects i.e. life in short. The high speed network fabric has rendered geographical boundaries irrelevant. A few years back it may have sounded like an idea by Slartibartfast from the legendary planet of Margarathea(from the Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy) but with the advent of technological platforms this aint a far-fetched idea any longer but is the reality of the present times. It all began with the technological outburst which led to the availability of various platforms that helped to efficiently maximize the transfer of information. The degree of separation between the company and the consumer has reduced considerably. Branding Redefined Branding is no longer the privilege of the larger conglomerates or the big pockets. With the advent of technology and the significant reduction in the costs associated with branding, smaller companies that are taking branding seriously have cropped up like mushrooms. The competition is much tougher and there is this race of owning properties both online and real to cut out the competition. In the context of sports we can take the example of the Indian Premier League (IPL) the largest sport event in India this year. So there would be sponsors for IPL who would demand exclusivity. This is applicable across industry sectors- say a sponsor of something like MTV Roadies who would end up owning the content rights of the show- just to kick competition out of the advertising sphere for the show. The questions that loom large are â€Å"Has the traditional media died?† or â€Å"Has it just reduced to a mere supporting media?† or â€Å"Have the rules of the game changed?† or â€Å"Is it a new game altogether?† Brand experience is both emotional and functional. It is not only a promise that a company makes, or an assurance to the quality of the product as mentioned by Aaker(1991) but it also has a psychological role to play. They make you feel good about yourself or are an expression of yourself. They also fulfil social needs like a sense of affiliation or belongingness to a community or a group of people who think alike. The very fact that names like Arsenal, Manchester United of the English Premier League (EPL) are household names in a country like India where nothing but Cricket sells, shows the growth of sports branding. This phenomenon has been more evident in the recent past all because of the media convergence (Kerr,2008). There are fan communities where people can discuss their teams, interact with people with similar sentiments, vent their anger when a player does not perform and share their grief when their team loses. The arrival of sport channels has provided a medium to the broadcasters to telecast all kinds of sports and not just cricket. There is as much of motor sports, basketball, tennis and football as there is cricket. The question that pops up next is, what is the brand? Is it the player, the club or is it Football the game itself? If yes, how has a little white ball and a green field inspired the most successful brand principles that has led to true brand management? The concept of a sport being a brand may sound a little ridiculous at first, but the figures dont lie. A Brand Finance survey conducted in 2005 revealed that Manchester United had a brand value of  £197m, Liverpool a value of 156m, Chelsea  £137m and Arsenal a brand value of  £115mn. Indian Premier League (IPL) The Sport Renaissance in India India has two primary religions Bollywood and Cricket. The only differentiating factor that sets sports entertainment apart from the rest is the passion that it commands and the real time execution. The cricket economy world over is 1bn USD to which India contributes to more than 60%. This includes revenues from ticket sales, sponsorship, endorsements and broadcasting rights. In 2008 the remote wars in the households in India had struck a truce as all the members in the family were glued onto one thing -the IPL for their own different reasons. Be it the glamour, be it the sport, be it the uniqueness of the concept or be it the hype around the event, IPL redefined entertainment. The General Entertainment Channels (GECs) observed a huge dip in the Television Rating Points. Nothing had grabbed the attention of the masses the classes at such a scale ever before. Next year IPL struck again-grander and better. The GECs delayed the launch of new shows as they were sure they had nothing that could compete against the IPL. Such is the potential for the Sport Industry in India. The IPL 09 had rung the death knell of the whole arena of player management in India as small size sponsors signed the best of the players in the Indian team for a year at dead cheap prices. This fiasco happened due to the deals that the IPL Franchise had with these sponsors and the players were bound by it. This was the reason why we saw Master Blaster Sachin, Zaheer and Harbhajan promoting Luminous Invertors and Sehwaag advertising for Jetkings an equipment hardware manufacturer. Is it truly about club over country? The club format brought to the public light through the IPL has shattered the myth that sports in India is about national identity and patriotism? In the auction the highest bid jersey was not that of Tendulkar or Ganguly, it was Khans 11. It has given rise to a lot of questions What is it that makes a person support the Mumbai Indians or the Kolkatta Knight Riders? Is it Sachin, Sehwag, Shilpa or Shahrukh? Is it the success of the team or the strategy that they employ when at the field? The other areas of concern would be has this concept of IPL revolutionized the way sport is consumed in India? Will the spectators be interested in an IPL match over India vs Pakistan Test Match? The Moment of Truth in the IPL that made its success eminent was the fact that the crowd actually cheered when Sachin was bowled by Bret Lee. This is an indicator of the fact that sports in India is in the throes of evolution. People are open to accepting it as an entertainment option than a patriotic struggle. Literature Review What is Media Convergence? Britannica Encyclopaedia says, â€Å"Media Convergence is a phenomenon that involves the interlocking of computing and information technology companies, telecommunication networks and content providers from the various media platforms like magazines, newspapers, radio, television, films and the likes. It also says that Media Convergence is the confluence of the 3 Cs Communication, Content and Computing†. According to Henry Jenkins who is a highly respected media analyst and one of the foremost leading experts on the convergence culture paradigm, as well as, the DeFlorz Professor of Humanities and the Founder and Director of the Comparative Media Studies Program at MIT states that, â€Å"the flow of content across multiple media platforms, the cooperation between multiple media industries, and the migratory behaviour of media audiences is what constitutes media convergence†. It is not just the confluence of the traditional and the new digital media but it is also about the unpredictable ways of interaction and association of the consumers and producers of media. It is not solely technological but there is a huge gamut of socio- cultural paradigm shifts that have changed the way the consumer evaluates a product, makes his decision and his social interactions to seek information. It also includes the experience that the producer of the media makes the consumer go through (Viau, 2 001). The world is witnessing the new forms of media in which they have a larger control over the types of feeds they receive, the ease with which they can interact with not just the media but with the media provider as well. This has brought a whole new dimension of competition to the traditional media platforms. This has also led to a lack of dependence of the consumers on any particular media which in turn translates to lesser loyalty. Benefits of Media Convergence: The content creators can use the platform to generate customized content that is targeted at a specific group. This has also brought about a change in the dynamics of economy as distribution and cost structure is not the same in traditional media. It has brought about a sense of Post Modernism to the field of media consumption where the consumer is not an audience but is also a co creator. This has also brought about a change in the experience that a person goes through by consuming media. It has transcended the limitations of the traditional media. Negatives of Media Convergence: This has brought in a certain amount of unpredictability in the responses that a media would receive. With the audience being exposed to a plethora of media platforms it gets tough to understand what has had what kind of effect on the consumer. Media Convergence has brought about a shift in the control that the content creator had over its property. With the advent of blogs, mobiles and emails the consumers are exposed to large amount of unbranded content. This has led to an increase in the competition for consumers time and attention that the content creators face. Is Sport an Industry? Does industry necessarily comprise of a product or service? NO! It could be an offering that is neither of the two but is consumed by the people. Entertainment is an industry and so is religion. Thus Sport is an industry too which comprises of selling sports or selling through sports. Be it the events, leagues and the tickets to view these or the marketing of products through sports- which would include merchandize, licensing and sponsorship (Mason, 1999). The figure below represents a model of the Sport Industry Parallels can be drawn between Sports and a Consumer Product. Below is a representation of the value chain of the sports industry. Sport as a product can be consumed in different ways- playing, watching, reading or being entertained by it. The level of involvement of the consumers -fans in the sports jargon, differs for each of the way. â€Å"Football is a million dollar industry. The sport has a long heritage in UK and has the most prestigious premiership in the world and has attracted players from all four corners of the globe. Most importantly, football inspires passion and the big four, Chelsea Arsenal, Manchester United and Liverpool FC, are among the most valuable brands in the country†, says Ruth Mortimer- a sports marketing blog owner. What is a Sports Brand? What constitutes a sports brand is questionable. It depends on what the product is? Is the league a product or is it the clubs in the league that constitute the product (Goldman, 1989; Grauer, 1983; 1989; Gray, 1987)? It is argued that the league can be taken as a cartel of these entities i.e. the clubs. This would determine the marketing strategies for the league and the clubs. But whatever the case be both are brands in themselves. If football is the category EPL can be taken as the Umbrella Brand and the clubs like Manchester United, Chelsea and the likes would constitute the sub brands. Even the players would be brands in their own respect. If Beckham is the brand then it is dedicated, suave and down to earth (Milligan, 2004). Manchester United stands for excitement and great entertainment all so because right from Cantona to Giggs to Rooney and Ronaldo, the club has stalwarts who are both excellent at the game and are trend setters in their own way. Hence there is a clearly identifiable brand proposition (Baeur et al, 2005). How are sport brands different from the product brands? NBA Franchise was the first to realize the potential of brand building and what organized marketing can do to fuel revenue generation. Andy Mulligan(2009), says, â€Å" Brands are often, somewhat lazily by some people, equated with pure commercialism and worse still with a kind of fluffy marketing that is about spin and not substance.† He is of the view that though Sport is a huge industry, managing teams is not in the least similar to managing a business. The very premise that a business is a tradable property sets it apart. A team is a repository of emotional associations that fans world over share and build. Hence sports team is not a business but it could definitely be a brand as its an identity and a promise that the consumers believe in and an experience that they live. The association of a spectator with a specific club is enhanced by the collaborative play of â€Å"local, national or emotional identifications† (Whannel, 1992, p. 199) or by the un-certainty of the outcome of the game (Clapson, 1992).The degree of association of the club and the spectator is so high that he develops a strong sense of affiliation with the club. He feels proud and celebrates the victories and is all gloomy over the losses. This phenomenon has been termed as Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRG) (Cialdini et al., 1976). Media and Sports The globalization, the opening up of trade barriers, this era of media convergence, the popularity of the internet, and the ever increasing number of netizens has revolutionized the sports industry. The advancements in communication technology provide omniscient access to all kinds of leagues that a team plays in. This coupled with the 24X7 dedicated sport channels has opened up a whole new arena of entertainment. Today the English Premier League and Formula 1 are as popular in the Asia Pacific as they are in Europe. Earlier people used to watch just the league finals but now they have the option to follow their favourite teams irrespective of their geographic location and time. The qualifiers for the Champions League or the NASCAR have a sizeable number of viewers as does the grand finale. When Real Madrid signed the superstar David Beckham, the live telecast of the ceremony attracted more than 2 million eyeballs (Hatfield, 2003). Games of Houston Rockets had a viewership of over 30 million Chinese viewers who tuned in just to watch Yao Ming- their fellow citizen battle the National Basketball Associations (NBA) finest (Larmer, 2005). Manchester United has a huge fan base of close to 24 million in China alone which is more than the number of viewers in Britain. More than half a billion people tune in to watch the weekly games world over. (Datson, 2004). The popularity that these sports command has attracted the attention of sponsors and advertisers. The teams themselves have realized the large potential that the world of marketing has in store. They have capitalized on this opportunity and the audience sentiment by branding themselves. They have a prominent presence across the various levels, be it Below the Line or Above the Line. We have Team Anthems, Jerseys, Videos, Events, Parties, Posters- ALL OF IT! Manchester Uniteds branded licensed jerseys sell more in the USA as compared to all the other Major League Soccer (MLS) clubs combined. The number of hardcore fans has been approximated to a good 4 million in North America alone. Japanese tour groups spent US$500 million on just the tickets and souvenirs from the New York Yankees. All so to watch Hideki Matsui the outfielder from Japan. This was more than five times what the presence of Ichiro Suzuki in Seattle Mariners generated (Whiting, 2003). Internet statistics tell the same story. There are more satellite fans to the NBA. 40% of visitors to the website log on from outside the States and a humongous 20% of the licensed merchandise is sold overseas (Eisenberg et al., 2003). Global Sports Industry Recession When the whole world is in the throes of recession, sports is one industry sector that has not been as badly affected as the others and was quick enough to bounce back within a year. Loss of sponsorship, events being cancelled, biggies withdrawing from the arena; these are some of the development the sports industry has witnessed in the recent past. On one hand we have been witnessing things like Honda, Kawasaki and Subaru withdrawn from motorsport Manchester United lose  £56 million AIG shirt sponsorship US National Football League indicates it will cut workforce by 10% Tiger Woods loses five year $8 million endorsement contract with Buick Vancouver 2010 Olympic Games takes out additional $800 million loan to cover financial shortfall 2009 Indian Masters golf tournament cancelled Arena Football League in US cancelled for the season On the other hand the world witnessed the largest ever viewership and increasing advertising spend TV viewership increased to 1 million (97.4m to 98.4m); advertising investment up $20 million (from $186 million to $206 million) at the Super bowl 2009 Manchester City sold for  £200million+ in summer 2008 Premier League signs new live TV rights deal for  £1.78 billion, surpassing previous deal Badminton England signs record-breaking sponsorship deal with Yonex Manchester United and City will both sign lucrative, record-breaking shirt sponsorship deals if the rumors are to be believed Sports Scenario in India The Sports arena in India has been dominated by cricket for quite some time now. But with the converging media and the Westernization sports like soccer, basketball, motor racing have observed an increasing fan base. A look at the Audience and Viewership data from TAM is enough to prove this point. Cricket is followed by soccer, tennis and wrestling. The reason for the monopoly of cricket is simple. Cricket is the only sport where India has made a mark in the International arena and which still holds hope for Indians to win over others. This has provided it the status of religion in India. The other popular sports would include Soccer, Tennis and Motor Sports as revealed by a TAM report. This marks the herald of a whole new era of sports entertainment and marketing. Below is an overview of the size of the sports industry in India IPL- The Story so Far India has two religions Bollywood and Cricket and the whole country was awestruck when the two joined hands. IPL is all about glamour, excitement and passion. It works on a franchise model where each of team is owned by an industrialist, a celebrity or is a joint venture. There was an auction to own the clubs and then there was an auction to make the team and select the players. This was the golden time for the Cricket Board in India as it made a lot of profits. Franchise rights were tendered with a reserve price of USD 50mn for 10 yrs. The owners get a percentage of the revenue that the team earns and has other streams like merchandising to mint money from too. The primary difference between the IPL and the English Premier League was the fact that in IPL there was a cap on the amount of money that could be spent in building a team. Unlike EPL where the teams that are backed by the deeper pockets manage to buy the best of the players and end up winning the tournaments and the others are a t a competitive disadvantage. Apart from this sponsorship on Television and the ground constitutes a huge chunk of the revenues that the board and the team earn. The IPL website had 50mn page views in the first week and had received 530,000 column cm of stuff written about it in the newspapers in the Season 1. The opening match in Delhi had a Television Rating Point(TRP) of 7.19 which was the highest for any event in India ever. It had a TRP of 6.7 amongst women which is a considerable number considering the fact that Indian women are generally not much into watching sports. Thus we see that it aint just a mere entertainment option but is an industry in itself. The Need Gap The clubs are no longer just teams whose players lend it its brand value. There is a huge industry of sports merchandize, events and the likes that thrives on this its a culture in itself. Keeping this in mind I plan to study formats like the EPL and NBA which are brands in themselves and arrive at the factors that lead to the success of such brands. India as a nation provides huge potential to market these brands. It is not just the passion for the sport or the sentiment of belongingness to a particular nation that commands loyalty. There are several other factors that have converted sports clubs or teams into one of the most valued brands world over. Therefore there is a knowledge gap that exists. It is to study what these factors are and what are the things that affect these factors? Parallels can be drawn between the sports industry in India and in nations abroad which in turn would help marketing sports, teams and clubs as brands in a nation like India- which is a burgeoning economy and holds great prospects for such brands. Research Objectives To understand how sports branding has grown as an industry in the West, taking EPL, NBA, Formula 1 as a case study. To understand the consumer perception of sports as a brand in India by conducting a research amongst the audiences To understand how media convergence has led to the popularity and the cult like fan following of Western sports in India To analyze the Indian sports industry and devise a marketing strategy for building a sports brand in the Indian context Research Methodology Research Design A fan â€Å"represents an association from which the individual derives considerable emotional and value significance† (Madrigal, 1995, pp. 209-210). Thus it is not equivalent to being a spectator. Therefore to understand their behaviour and attitude statistical data about what they watch and how often do they watch does not help in the quest to understand what makes them a fan. Therefore the research methodology would be a mix of quantitative and qualitative as both have their own advantages and contributions to making this study more fruitful. Quantitative studies use the deductive logic to explain social facts (Horna, 1994, p. 121) and thus would help in understanding the behavioural component. This would help in understanding what the crowd constitutes of and what are the primary scalable attitudes exhibited by them. But this fails to explain the underlying reasons for such behaviour, things that differentiate a fan from a spectator. Thus, qualitative study becomes important too. Qualitative methods help in exploring the cognitive components. It also helps explaining the longitudinal behaviour of things rather than a mere snapshot of the present scenario which could be gauged from the quantitative. In depth interviews would be the preferred technique as we seek to understand the reasons why an individual behaves the way he does and not really the collective opinion of a group. The quantitative research can be carried out by administering a questionnaire online and in person. Some statistics can also be gathered from the various databases and research data available publicly. Sampling The research aims to understand how the emergence of media affected the attitude of the people towards Sports in general and the club culture in particular. It is conducted to understand what is it that makes them commit their loyalties to a particular team and how does this affect the economics of the industry. Only SEC A and B are considered based on the assumption that the SECs lower than this dont contribute much. Females have been considered as recent researches show that there are an increasing number of women who have started following sports and participating in it. Hence their opinion and perception could be a valuable contribution. Expected Contribution After studying the responses from the sample, the research would help arrive at answers to various questions regarding the future of the sports industry in India. Questions like where is the industry headed? What kind of sport would sell? How do the sports brands communicate to the people? How has the convergence of media affected their understanding of the sports industry? Apart from this it would help brand managers and sports consultants to design the branding strategies for the various sports brands so that they can sustain themselves in this highly competitive and unpredictable market. Secondary Research: Marketing of Professional Sports Professional sports started with the leagues specializing in one kind of sport which would run for a season and the league enjoyed a monopoly in the arena. But with the advent of infrastructural facilities and increased investments in the industry of sport management there are multiple leagues fighting for the share of eye and heart. They fight for consumers who have a plethora of other entertainment options to select from. Thus the competition in not limited to just the sports industry but is with the larger entertainment industry (Grauer, 1989). The one thing that makes professional sports appealing to the audiences is the uncertainty of the results. The adrenaline rush that the spectator experiences with every passing minute is dramatic and cannot be derived from staged content. â€Å"Like other forms of entertainment, sport offers a utopia, a world where everything is simple, dramatic and exciting, and euphoria is always a possibility Sport entertains, but can also frustrate, annoy and depress. But it is this very uncertainty that gives its unpredictable joys their characteristic intensity (Whannel,1992, p. 199)†. The intensity of appeal and engagement with the sport is further enhanced by the association that an individual has with the sport and if there are stakes that he has in the outcome. The concept of Basking in Reflected Glory(BRIG) talks about the highest degree of association where a fan is a loyal even if the team does not perform well(Cialdini, 1976). Initially the sports leagues were owned by individuals or entrepreneurs but with the growing popularity it has achieved the status of an industry and has been successful in attracting corporate and has taken a more formal structure than a mere source of entertainment. It is due to the involvement of these corporations outside the realm of professional sports management that has brought in newer revenue streams like merchandizing and sponsorships. This model of corporate ownership of a league or a club was started in the USA and was later adopted by the leagues in the continents of Europe and Australia. The biggest advantage of this is that the teams are backed by deep pockets and investment into a team is a part of the investment portfolio of the corporation and not the main business area. Companies like Blockbuster, Disney and Turner from the North American industry of entertainment and broadcasting have benefitted from their presence in professional sports (Cousens and Slack, 1996) . This has also helped Rupert Murdoch to extend his empire across the globe. This has also helped in attracting better players as the salaries are far better, improved facilities to train and huge advertising expenditures to build the fan base. The corporations are not buying into the uncertainty of the game by owning a team but are using the reputation of the team to fuel their interests. For example the treaty between FOX network and the National Football League was not really a profitable venture for the broadcast network as it had to overbid to acquire the rights but as Murdoch puts it, â€Å"it has made [FOX] a real network in the US†(Swift, 1995). Globalization of the Leagues â€Å"Professional sports leagues are now a part of the powerful recreation and entertainment sector of the economy. In addition, sports have â€Å"delocalised†; the global marketplace has made sports less attached to specific places, particularly those which have world-wide appeal, such as football and basketball (Euchner, 1993)†. Satellite TV and Internet has sped up the delocalization of professional sports by making the content available across the globe in real time. The total income of the â€Å"Big 5† football leagues in Europe in the year 2005-06 was  £12.6 billion ($18.54 billion) (Deloitte and Touche 2007), out of which the Barclays English Premier League(EPL) was the largest contributor, generating revenues as high as à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2 billion. The most sought after customers of the industry would be the fans as they are loyal and facilitate generating the revenues required to rope in the best players and management. The media analysts refer the players, the clubs and the leagues as the â€Å"brand† (Globalisation of the league, Dr. Bridgewater, 2007). The brands in this industry are not same as the rest but there are strategies that remain the same. When a FMCG brand has to be made global, what companies generally do is start operations in the country where they would like to have a presence. Similarly, the leagues involve other nations or players that have a different nationality to increase the audience base which in turn would lead to building up the fan base which constitutes the target segment for the merchandise. For example the National Football League (NFL) in the USA announced the first competitive game between the Miami Dolphins and the New York Giants in October 2007, more than a 50,000 tickets were sold within 3 days of the announcement. The buyers comprised of local and expatriate fans. This is representative of the fact that there is huge potential in this industry sector. The number of â€Å"E Loyals†- people who dont hold a season ticket or have been to watch a live match but support the game and the club as they have been exposed to it online or on TV- has been rising in the last few years. They are a segment that is as likely to buy the merchandise as a fan who is a regular at the stadium. Pennants, caps, shirts, flags, bands and other team branded articles are what have led to an increase in the revenues and facilitated penetration in other geographic markets (Cousens and Slack, 1996). English Premier League (EPL) -A Case Study English Premier League is a leading association of professional football clubs in the European Union. It has 20 clubs that play in the league every year and follows the system of relegation. Each of these clubs is a shareholder to the league. The EPL came into existence in 1992 when the First Division in the Football League decided to part ways from the Football League as it had struck a lucrative deal for television broadcast rights. It has the largest revenues in the football arena, close to a $4mn in 2007-08. It is perceived to be more glamorous, entertaining and action centred as compared to the rest of the European Leagues like the Serie A and La Liga in Spain. Premier League has undoubtedly grown to be a global brand. The global fan base of the leading international football brands such as Real Madrid and Manchester United runs in millions of British Pounds and â€Å"shows no sign of waning† (Deloitte â€Å"Football Money League†,2008) What is it that determines a persons identification with a club? A Research conducted in 2002 has identified 5 important factors that govern the association of fans with the team. These are primarily the support that the team gathers at the venue the management of the team the traditions, values, legacy that it entails the social entertainment factor i.e. the fan community that it h

Awareness And Impact In Global Warming Management Essay

Awareness And Impact In Global Warming Management Essay Earlier last month, QUTIC decided to stage an annual event to promote a sense of community at the college. This was an event to ascertain QUTIC students awareness and impact in Global Warming and promote their involvement within their community in preventing the named vice. Thereafter, a Community Event Committee was formed to decide, and organize the inaugural event and I was authorized to produce a report to inform the committees decision. The topic as espoused earlier was on the environment with a bias in Global Warming. The event planned purposed as International students awareness of and involvement in Global Warming. A survey was conducted on a sample of QUTIC students to analyze their interest and willingness to attend, participate, contribute, demonstrate, and/or perform in that event. In this paper, a discussion of the results is the main body while at the end is conclusions from the discussions and recommendations related to the same topic. Table of Contents Abstract ii Table of Contents iii List of Figures iv 1. Introduction 4 1.1 Background 4 1.2 Objectives 4 1.3 Method 4 1.4 Scope 5 1.5 Acknowledgement 5 2 Discussion and Conclusion 5 2.1 Date and time of the annual event 6 2.2 Publicity of the event 7 Participation in committees 8 Benefits gained in attending the annual event 9 2.5 Ways of motivating students to attend 10 3. Recommendations 11 4. Benefits 12 Introduction Background Global warming is a current threat to the global environment and a threat to human survival in the future (John, 2010). Awareness across the globe on global warming has dwindled with many people not having an idea of what to expect and how to handle and practices routines in curbing global warming (Huang, Pollack, Shen, 1997). Over 60% of the worlds population has contributed to global warming for lack of knowledge while the rest is ignorant to the vice (Mann, Bradley, Hughes, 1998). Educating the population on global warming is the vital part of what all institutions should do in ensuring that the activities exacerbating global warming are curbed and it is slowed down (Lachenbruch Marshall, 1986). As a result, the Queensland University of Technology International Collage (QUTIC) found it wise to hold an annual event with a bias on global warming to increase awareness of the vice. 1.2 Objectives The main rationale behind this report is discovering the level of awareness of students on the global warming topic, suggesting some solutions and recommendations. From the acquired data, the report purposes to help students develop awareness on the issue of global warming and to improve activities carried out within QUTIC and outside to curb global warming. 1.3 Method The report develop arguments from a questionnaire that contained a total of ten questions; with closed questions being 9 (dichotomous, rank-order, scale, and multiple-choice) and a single open question. The report also used a convenience sampling in the distribution of the survey questionnaire to respondents who totaled twenty QUTIC students on 5 September 2010 at Kelvin Grove campus. The distribution of the questionnaire sheets was conducted followed by the collection both done on the same day. Later followed the analysis of the collected data from the sample and finally the tallying on an Excel spreadsheet with representation in figures for instance graphs, tables, and pie charts. 1.4 Scope The scope of the survey is on 5 issues relating to the concept of global warming. The respective issues are important in finding out the level of awareness on global warming and the take that the students have on holding an annual event within the institution. Additionally, the report has major limitations including budget and time thus forcing a selection of only twenty respondents of which this is not good in representation of this large institution. With the questionnaire also having only 10 questions, this does not provide enough information that could be of help in holding such a big event. As a result, the data provided in this report is great and shows some indications; however, it cannot show precise solutions. 1.5 Acknowledgements I would like to pass my regards to all students at QUTIC for their cooperation in the data gathering process and for taking their time to fill the questionnaires. I would also extend a hand of gratitude to the institution for trusting me in delivering the report with absolute confidentiality. Above all is great appreciation to the almighty God who gave me the strength to carry on throughout the entire survey. 2. Discussion and Conclusion From the survey sample of QUTIC students who were tested through a questionnaire to analyze their interest and willingness to attend, participate, contribute, demonstrate and/or perform in that event, it was clear that the majority of the students were willing to take part in the main event particularly because they saw the importance. It was clear that many students knew what Global Warming was and had an idea of its impact on the environment. 80% of the students in the sample were willing to take part immediately and help with the publicity of the great event. 2.1 Date and time of the annual event A question was put forward in accessing the best time that the QUTIC would stage an annual event to promote a sense of community at the college. As Houghton, Jenkins Ephraums (1990) espouse, Global warming is a sensitive topic and requires ample time to discuss and educate people about. 2/3 of the respondents proposed that weekends were the best in scheduling such an event as this would give them time to participate since they were free and would have completed classes. A good portion of the sample (1/3) however, differed with the weekend proposal as they felt that this was the only time they had away from school, and most of them used it to spend with the families. The majority of this group went for nights particularly after classes. Following this, the committee made a decision that to serve the majority and have many attendants for the event; it was only wise to schedule the event on weekends particularly during the day as this was a much convenient time for the majority of the QUTIC students. 2.2 Publicity of the event Will (2004) reflected in creating awareness on global warming, publicity is of high requirement. global that Publicity was also being assessed in order for the committee to get help before they made a decision on what would be the best way to visit for QUTIC in announcing the Global Warming annual event. A comparative question posted on a questionnaire was extremely contentious. For global warming using the appropriate medium is of requirement as it helps pass the message across easily (Scotchmoor Potter, 2009). There were varied views as to the best medium to use with the committee aspiring to make a decision on the best possible medium that would reach the majority of the students and create awareness of the big event. At least, 30% of the respondents in this particular question went for the website and email as their favorites as to the best possible medium that the event would be publicized. Over 60% were strictly opposing the website and email with a big reason as to the fact that many students did not access the Internet over a long period of time and therefore, it could be an inconvenient means of reaching out to the students regarding this particular matter. This group of students responding to the question found it appropriate to use the posters and blackboard with the majority going for the blackboard. The students incline to this decision with the fact that many students had a culture of reading the blackboard as this was one of the common means, which the institution used in communicating new happenings to the students. Therefore, a more likelihood was that at least the information would reach students with ease. The posters were favored but with a negative connotation that there was a habit of removing and tearing posters of any kind around the institution dwindling its effectiveness of communicating something of that importance to the student community. 2.3 Participation in committees A question was posed on the committees that a respondent would be willing to participate in including Environment committee, Assessment committee, Supervising committee and organizing committee. The question was met with diverse responses as individual students had own reasons for choosing a particular committee. The environment committee won the majority of students who had an interest of joining. The committee took 45% of the students followed by the supervising committee with 18%, assessment committee with 22% and the least being the organizing committee holding 10%. A sizeable 5% of the respondents were undecided as they wanted to clarify further as to the roles played by the respective committees. 2.4 Benefits gained in attending the annual event Carolan (2008) asserts that pictorials and high involving activities are involved in creating awareness on global warming therefore; there are many benefits involved when it comes to learning or attending a global warming function. The questionnaire posted to students was also on a mission to look into what were the perceived benefits that students anticipated to gain from the event. Mixed reactions came out as varying opinions came up individually. However, one critical thing that featured in the argument was that learning great skills and acquiring knowledge on global warming were among the great expectations from the event. Learning new skills 20%, Socialize and make new friends 5%, Improve your English, 5%, improve your knowledge and awareness about Global Warming 60%, and other 10%. 2.5 Ways of motivating students to attend One factor was significant though on the motivational ways that the students felt that QUTIC would use in ensuring that students developed an interest to attend. However, 65% of the respondents felt that making the event entertaining and engaging entertainment activities for instance DJ, popular artists, talent show and any other creative ideas were resplendent in motivation a substantial number of students to attend. Global warming sounds so common and people usually avoid such topics which is why creating awareness requires motivating the participants in respective activities (Wilby, 2006). Practically from the survey, it was clear that one thing; students had an interest in attending a global warming event. From this point, the committee therefore, had to pick the proposals espoused by the majority of students regarding issues at the big event. The date scheduled had to fall on a weekend to ensure massive attendance, the blackboard would be the main publicity medium in use, the venue was chosen to be the city center and entertainment activities were for sure a necessity to be part of the activities during the momentous event and keep students glued and attend the event to the end. 3.0 Recommendations It was clear that the organizing committee had a significant role to play. For the event to be a success, inviting acclaimed artists to perform during the global event is necessary for entertainment purposes. The committee also needs to hire an MC with ardent zeal and fun to make the youths composed and anxious of what to expect to avoid boredom. It is also advisable that the assessment committee takes a headcount of the students reception to activities scheduled for the big event some few days probably five in order to ascertain whether they were contented and evaluate their chances of attending the monumental event. It would be advisable that the members of the committee be provided with T-shirts with labels of the successful event and a short message regarding the theme of the event preferably two months before the big event in order to draw attention and publicize the event even better. The city center also needs to be prepared two weeks before the big event with installation of everything necessary for the event keeping it ready to host the attendants early enough. This would void last-minute rushes and show some organization and build a reputation for the organization therefore, making it a classical event. Benefits The survey is of value to QUTIC as an institution in easing the education and creation of awareness on Global warming. It is a great approach as it will involve almost the entire institution therefore routines carried out will be to the benefit of a sound environment for the institution. There are therefore short-term and long-term benefits of the same making it worth holding the event within the institution. It will improve students awareness on global warming and later apply to their respective regions culminating to a global warming free globe.

Alicia Zakon’s Poem, Remote Control Essay -- Poetry Alicia Zakon Remo

Two of the main elements in any poem are theme and symbolism. This holds true in Alicia Zakon’s poem titled â€Å"Remote Control†. It essentially tells about the relationship between a man and a woman, and how the man has the remote control to the woman's life. The symbols used are very meaningful to the overall theme. The theme of "Remote Control" is also very important, and not just a topic for a good poem but a real problem in society too. The writing would be much less effective if not for the symbols used throughout the very strong overall message.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Symbolism is defined as the practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects, events, or relationships. The whole poem is, in essence, one giant symbol. The opening line questions, "Why you let him play you like a video?". All in all, this summarizes the entire poem. Zakon uses symbols to question a woman why she lets her boyfriend, or possibly husband, treat her the way he does. Zakon asks why she lets him control her, ultimately stating he has the remote control to her life. She says that he "Change your channels because he can't stand your show", meaning he tells her how to act when he does not like her attitude. The line "Hypnotize you until the screen turns blue", representing the man putting the woman into a trance so to speak, so she says exactly what he wants her to say, and does exactly what he wants her to do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, when Zakon states ...

Living Machines, Constructed Wetlands and Sustainable Water Resources E

Living Machines, Constructed Wetlands and Sustainable Water Resources Thesis: Conventional waste treatment plants, Living Machines and constructed wetlands can all be used for water purification, but only living machines and constructed wetlands will provide the human race with a sustainable future. Introduction Our liquid planet glows like a soft blue sapphire in the hard edged darkness of space. There is nothing else like it in the solar system. It is because of water (Miller 311). - John Todd Water is the most important resource on the planet. Absolutely no life could exist with out the presence of water. Humans use water to cook, clean, bathe and drink. However it seems that humans as a race have extremely little respect for this resource. Humans continually pollute and damage the health of our aquatic ecosystems using irresponsible agricultural practices and improper disposal of our wastes. These issues must be examined because the way humans interact with the earth have strong moral and ethical implications. As the scarcity of potable water continues to increase the value of water will continue to rise. In many places throughout the world clean water sources cause mass immigration and emigration of people so adequate water resources can be accessed (Homer 73). This causes large-scale political and ethnic upheaval. In the future water shortages have the potential for invoking war between ethnic groups as well as nations. It is the best interest of the human race to pres erve and restore the health of our aquatic ecosystems since they have such large implications for human societies and cultures. One of the major sources of water pollution throughout the world is human sewage. Understanding how to properly dea... ...tific America, February, 1993. Kerezman, Jim. Personal Interview. Assistant Superintendent Goshen Utilities, 9-28-99. Lerner, Steve. Eco-Pioneers. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998. Lyle, John Tillman. Regenerative Design for Sustainable Development. New York: John Wiley & Sons INC. 1994. Miller, G. Tyler. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 2000. Schueler, Thomas. Design of Stormwater Wetland Systems: Guidelines for Creating Diverse and Effective Storm water Wetland in the mid-Atlantic Region. Washington D. C.: Anacostia Restoration Team, 1992. Todd, John and Jack Todd, Nancy. From Eco-Cities to Living Machines: Principles of Ecological Design. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books, 1994. Umble, Art. Concepts of Treatment of Municipal Wastewaters. Elkhart: City Press, 1999. Living Machines, Constructed Wetlands and Sustainable Water Resources E Living Machines, Constructed Wetlands and Sustainable Water Resources Thesis: Conventional waste treatment plants, Living Machines and constructed wetlands can all be used for water purification, but only living machines and constructed wetlands will provide the human race with a sustainable future. Introduction Our liquid planet glows like a soft blue sapphire in the hard edged darkness of space. There is nothing else like it in the solar system. It is because of water (Miller 311). - John Todd Water is the most important resource on the planet. Absolutely no life could exist with out the presence of water. Humans use water to cook, clean, bathe and drink. However it seems that humans as a race have extremely little respect for this resource. Humans continually pollute and damage the health of our aquatic ecosystems using irresponsible agricultural practices and improper disposal of our wastes. These issues must be examined because the way humans interact with the earth have strong moral and ethical implications. As the scarcity of potable water continues to increase the value of water will continue to rise. In many places throughout the world clean water sources cause mass immigration and emigration of people so adequate water resources can be accessed (Homer 73). This causes large-scale political and ethnic upheaval. In the future water shortages have the potential for invoking war between ethnic groups as well as nations. It is the best interest of the human race to pres erve and restore the health of our aquatic ecosystems since they have such large implications for human societies and cultures. One of the major sources of water pollution throughout the world is human sewage. Understanding how to properly dea... ...tific America, February, 1993. Kerezman, Jim. Personal Interview. Assistant Superintendent Goshen Utilities, 9-28-99. Lerner, Steve. Eco-Pioneers. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998. Lyle, John Tillman. Regenerative Design for Sustainable Development. New York: John Wiley & Sons INC. 1994. Miller, G. Tyler. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 2000. Schueler, Thomas. Design of Stormwater Wetland Systems: Guidelines for Creating Diverse and Effective Storm water Wetland in the mid-Atlantic Region. Washington D. C.: Anacostia Restoration Team, 1992. Todd, John and Jack Todd, Nancy. From Eco-Cities to Living Machines: Principles of Ecological Design. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books, 1994. Umble, Art. Concepts of Treatment of Municipal Wastewaters. Elkhart: City Press, 1999.